America and the World: A Diplomatic History
Overview
About
01: Achieving Independence
This lecture introduces you to important course themes, including isolationism, mission, expansionism, idealism, and realism. You learn about their origins in American history and their importance in America's rise to superpower status, as well as their apparent contradictions, especially as they emerged during the Revolutionary War.
02: Confederation and the Constitution
The postwar United States—13 sovereign, weak states gathered into a loose confederation—lived a threatened existence. You examine those threats and how they led to the creation of the Constitution, which established a stronger form of government capable of conducting a vigorous foreign policy.
03: The Great Debate—Jefferson versus Hamilton
The French Revolution and resulting European war produced foreign policy crises for George Washington and two fundamentally different policy recommendations. The partisan debate that followed threatened to rip the nation apart and contributed to Washington's Farewell Address.
04: From the Farewell Address to the Quasi War
Washington's Farewell Address is one of the most misunderstood documents in American history. You explore what Washington meant and then move to one of the most important yet overlooked periods in U.S. history: the politically courageous presidency of his successor, John Adams.
05: Jefferson and the "Empire of Liberty"
Thomas Jefferson's ideas regarding territorial expansion and its relationship to liberty became a dominant American force. This lecture focuses on those ideas and Jefferson's attempts to implement them, including the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which more than doubled the size of the United States.
06: The "Second War for Independence"
Attempts by Jefferson and his successor, James Madison, to use peaceful economic coercion to defend American neutrality failed to prevent a second war with England. You learn how the War of 1812 produced numerous gains for the United States.
07: John Quincy Adams & American Continentalism
This lecture considers the continental vision and diplomacy of John Quincy Adams - perhaps America's greatest secretary of state including his authorship of the Monroe Doctrine, which reserved the entire Western Hemisphere for future U.S. expansion and influence.
08: "Manifest Destiny" and War with Mexico
Adams's diplomacy begins a period of expansion that by 1848 has added Oregon, Texas, California, and New Mexico, the last three by war. Americans justified this as "Manifest Destiny" particularly as practiced by President James K. Polk.
09: Causes and Diplomacy of the Civil War
The territorial acquisitions of the 1840s magnified sectional tensions, thus playing a major role in the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. You gain fresh insight into how that happened before shifting your focus to Union and Confederate diplomacy during the conflict.
10: The "New Empire" of Overseas Imperialism
The Civil War years witnessed an industrial explosion that made the United States the world's mightiest economic power. You examine early efforts at overseas expansion and learn how the 1898 war with Spain left the United States with a formal colonial empire.
11: Informal Empire—Roosevelt to Wilson
Whereas President William McKinley established a formal empire, his successors established a related but informal one. You learn how and why, and the roles played by the openly imperialist Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft and the supposedly anti-imperialist Woodrow Wilson.
12: "The War to End All Wars"
You explore Woodrow Wilson's efforts to avoid entry into World War I and why they failed, and his plan to remake international relations in a postwar world that would be "safe for democracy," as set forth in his famous 14 Points speech and other addresses.
13: The Peace Treaty and Wilson's Heritage
Why were Wilson's efforts at the Paris Peace Conference largely unsuccessful? You explore the reasons for his many compromises and failures but also learn why he still must be considered one of the most influential figures in America's rise to superpower status.
14: Interwar Isolationism and Internationalism
Recent scholarship has challenged the interpretation of the United States as isolationist in the 1920s and 1930s. Learn why U.S. policies during this period are better described as "independent internationalism" and assess their relative successes and failures in the years between the wars.
15: U.S. Entry into World War II
You learn why the United States moved from neutrality to support of those nations at war with the Axis powers and then to its own declaration of war and explore the massive domestic debate over U.S. policy and the controversy about Pearl Harbor.
16: World War II Diplomacy and the FDR Legacy
You focus on the Allied coalition's conflicting interests; the efforts of Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt to reconcile differences to achieve victory; and an assessment of Roosevelt as a diplomat and war leader.
17: Origins of the Cold War
The United States emerged from the war with enormously expanded military power, but so did the Soviets. You look at the Soviets' shift from ally to adversary; key American policies enunciated during this period, including the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and Containment; and the formation of NATO.
18: Cold War Turns Hot—Asia and the Korean War
Although the cold war remained cold in Europe, a host of armed conflicts seized Asia. You examine American decisions to intervene - most notably in Korea with enormous consequences for the next two decades of American foreign policy.
19: Eisenhower and the Global Cold War
This lecture attempts a balanced foreign-affairs assessment of Dwight D. Eisenhower's controversial presidency.
20: Kennedy and the Ultimate Cold War Crisis
The United States and the Soviet Union went to the brink of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. You explore the origins and unfolding of the crisis and examine some of President John Kennedy's other foreign and defense policies in assessing his overall legacy.
21: Vietnam and the War at Home
Beginning under President Truman, American involvement in Vietnam was transformed and expanded by three subsequent administrations. This lecture examines that expansion and why it failed and attempts to grasp the meaning and impact of this tragic chapter in American history.
22: The Nixon—Kissinger "Grand Design"
Failure in Vietnam forced a recognition of the limits of American power and an attempt to create a balance between desired ends and available means. The result was the most fundamental reorientation of American foreign policy since World
23: Ideology Anew and the End of the Cold War
The years 1976-1988 saw what appeared to be two diametrically opposed foreign policies. In truth, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan had much in common in their criticism of the Nixon-Kissinger approach - but vastly different ideas about what should be done.
24: The United States and the World Since 1991
You review the movement of the United States to its position as the most powerful nation the world has ever seen before analyzing why this movement took place, the major ideas Americans developed during the process, and the challenges that lie ahead.