After the New Testament: The Writings of the Apostolic Fathers
Overview
About
01: Introduction to the Apostolic Fathers
The lecture introduces a set of works from the decades after the writing of the books of the New Testament that give us important insights into how Christianity was developing in its earliest stages.
02: The Letter of 1 Clement
Though written anonymously, this letter, supposedly written by a bishop, is clearly written by someone in the Christian Church of Rome to the church in Corinth to solve a major problem in that community.
03: Church Structures in Early Christianity
The lecture discusses the obvious changes in church structure implied by 1 Clement when it is compared to earlier mentions of the community of Corinth in the letters of Paul.
04: The Letters of Ignatius
The letters of this early 2nd-century bishop of Antioch make interesting reading - they hold the final words of a Christian anticipating his death and imminent martyrdom.
05: Doctrinal Problems in the Early Church
This lecture examines "Judaizing" forms of Christianity in the early church forms that came to be labeled heretical because they insisted that being fully Christian required becoming a Jew.
06: Still Other Doctrinal Disputes
We look at the problems raised by "docetic" views, which maintained that Jesus was so fully divine that he could not be a human with real flesh and blood, but only seemed human.
07: The Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians
One of Ignatius's letters mentions a possible act of embezzlement by a church leader. Ignatius appeals extensively to the Scriptures and argues that the love of money leads to evil.
08: The Use of Authorities in the Early Church
Polycarp's letter to the Philippians is significant for a number of reasons, not the least of which is the extensive use it makes of earlier Christian writings as authorities.
09: The First Martyrology—Polycarp
Polycarp of Smyrna is arguably the best known of the Apostolic Fathers. This detailed account of his arrest, trial, and execution as a martyr, evidently written by an eyewitness, is our first surviving example of Christian "martyrology" (account of a Christian's execution).
10: The Persecution of the Christians
The account of Polycarp's martyrdom introduces a broader consideration of the persecution and occasional martyrdom of early Christians, and discusses the accuracy of several commonly held beliefs, including whether Christians were, in fact, widely persecuted.
11: A Church Manual—The Didache of the Apostles
One of the most historically influential writings of the Apostolic Fathers, the Didache (teaching) of the apostles (a work written at about the time of the New Testament writings) gave Christians ethical instructions for how to live and practice their faith.
12: Ritual in the Early Church
This lecture considers the early Christian rituals described in the Didache, examining how they developed in the preceding decades, starting with the life of Jesus himself, and how they came to be fixed features in the life of the early Christian community.
13: Barnabas and the Opposition to the Jews
We examine this long and intriguing letter which was allegedly written by Paul's traveling companion from the early 2nd century and consider whether it is fair to describe it as an early instance of Christian anti-Semitism.
14: The Rise of Christian Anti-Semitism
This lecture traces the roots of anti-Jewish attitudes among some of Jesus' early followers in considering the reasons why Christianity was so quickly transformed from a sect within Judaism to an anti-Jewish religion.
15: 2 Clement—An Early Sermon
Not a letter and not by Clement, this work is, instead, an anonymous sermon - the first surviving sermon outside of the New Testament to come down to us from early Christianity.
16: The Use of Scripture in the Early Church
This lecture examines how Scripture functioned for the early Christian communities, which, rather than taking a literal approach to text, often read it in figurative ways.
17: Papias—An Early Christian Interpreter
Questions of interpretation discussed in the previous lecture make a natural segue into the fragmentary writings of another Apostolic Father, Papias, including a number of legendary details about Jesus and his followers.
18: Oral Tradition in Early Christianity
This lecture considers the issue of oral tradition versus written text, including the problem of the oral circulation of traditions, as stories tend to be changed and embellished in the process of retelling.
19: The Shepherd of Hermas—An Apocalypse
This lecture focuses on one of the most popular writings among the Apostolic Fathers, particularly its persistent theme of whether a Christian can have a "second" chance with God if he or she sins after being baptized.
20: Apocalypses in Early Christianity
The Shepherd of Hermas is thoroughly imbued in apocalyptic thought; this gives us an opportunity to consider the major tenets of apocalypticism in both Jewish and Christian sources and the importance of apocalypticism for the early Christian movement.
21: The Letter to Diognetus—An Apology
The final writing of the Apostolic Fathers to be considered represents one of the earliest surviving instances we have of a Christian "apology," or reasoned defense of Christianity, aimed at the faith's despisers.
22: Apologetics in Early Christianity
This lecture considers some of the charges leveled against Christianity and explores how Christians not only defended themselves, but went even further, maintaining that only followers of Christ could inherit eternal life with God in heaven.
23: The Apostolic Fathers as a Collection
We consider several of the key issues that have emerged, with particular focus on what the Apostolic Fathers can tell us about the three pillars of the emerging church: Christianity's canon, creed, and clerical hierarchy.
24: The Apostolic Fathers and Proto-orthodoxy
This final lecture considers the historical significance of the Apostolic Fathers, whose writings reflected views that would ultimately win out in the struggle over what the Christian religion would eventually become.