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Greece, Rome, and the Birth of Western Philosophy

From Hesiod to Seneca: Come face-to-face with the philosophical giants of ancient Greece and Rome.
 
 
Rated 3 out of 5 by from Ditch the Teleprompter Please!! I've already taken all of the other Classic Philosophy courses offered by The Great Courses, so was interested in taking this course due to the inclusion of a few of the lesser-known philosophers. Unfortunately, Dr. Scharle's teaching method of staring directly at the camera while reading from a teleprompter turned me off, making it difficult to get through the material. My strong advice to The Great Courses is to stop this ridiculous practice immediately. If a professor isn't a strong enough orator to speak extemporaneously, then they cannot be considered to be one of the best in their fields.
Date published: 2025-11-13
Rated 4 out of 5 by from Good survey course This course was interesting and informative. I would have liked to see more visuals, though. The professor's presentations were well done. Having completed many programs about philosophy from the Great Courses, I'm looking forward to a course covering Diogenes in more depth. I appreciated the lecture about Aristotle's views about women and slaves because most courses avoid his failings. I recommend this course.
Date published: 2025-09-27
Rated 4 out of 5 by from Worthy Addition This course represents a worthy addition to the already extensive library of philosophy and Greek and Roman history courses by The Teaching Company (TGC). It adds insight and perspective to the other classes. As one might expect, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle take pride of place in this course. They are set in the context of the pre-Socratics and atomists before them and those who followed and expanded on them including the Epicureans and Stoics. I found the lectures on Epicureanism particularly helpful. Although “Rome” is mentioned in the title, Roman philosophers are not much more than an afterthought in this course. Dr. Scharle is a good lecturer. She speaks pleasantly to the student. I found this far better than a lecturer who speaks down to the lowly student (as can be found in some TGC courses). She is fair with respect to the scholarship but she is not shy about offering her perspectives when they differ from the consensus. I found it useful to keep the course guide open for constant reference while watching the lecture. This course uses few useful graphics. Thus, it is perfectly usable in audio-only mode such as while commuting or exercising. The course was published in 2025. My rating system: 5 Stars – Every TGC customer should take this course 4 Stars – Recommended 3 Stars – Go ahead and take it 2 Stars – Not recommended 1 Stars – Yuck
Date published: 2025-09-08
Rated 5 out of 5 by from As a Novice, I absolutely loved it! I am a theology major but loved how passionate the lecturer was and got me interested to study more philosophy.
Date published: 2025-09-07
Rated 3 out of 5 by from The Birth of Philosophical Wisdom - A Basic Primer Having completed all 24 lectures of Greece, Rome and the Birth of Western Philosophy, I appreciate the course's intent to bring The Great Courses Learners into direct contact with the foundational thinkers of Western thought. Professor Margaret Scharle's course structure was clear and methodical, guiding us from the earliest pre-Socratic philosophers through the towering figures of Plato and Aristotle, and concluding with Roman Stoicism and Epicureanism. For those new to the subject this course offers a solid introduction to the evolution of philosophical ideas in the ancient world. Professor Scharle's voice was well modulated, which made the lectures easy to follow. Her coverage of key figures such as Thales, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Zeno, Heraclitus, Plato,Aristotle, Seneca and Lucretius, was comprehensive, and her emphasis on the timeless relevance of early Western thought was significant. That said, the presentation style may not resonate with all Great Courses learners. Dr. Scharle's, delivery felt very scripted and lacked natural spontaneity or dynamic engagement typical of other Great Courses lecture sets. Dr. Greenberg, Rufus Fears (RIP), Filipenko, Hazen, Allen Guelzo, are such exemplars. Her gestures appeared rehearsed and her consistent focus on the monitor rather than the Learner created a sense of detachment. For seasoned learners who have experienced more interactive lectures, this format might feel less immersive. As someone who has completed over 1100 lecture sets since 2002 through the Great Courses, the presentation style made it difficult to stay fully engaged. It serves as a useful primer but may not offer the depth or interpretive nuance that more advanced students of philosophy might seek. Nonetheless, it fulfills its purpose as an accessible entry point into the rich tradition of Greek and Roman thought. With the Great Courses producing an upgraded version of Professor Daniel Robinson's Outstanding 60 - 30 minute lecture set, The Great Ideas of Philosophy, 2nd Edition, which this reviewer very highly recommends as a followup to Professor Scharle's course. I do look forward to future courses from Professor Scharle and do recommend this set.
Date published: 2025-09-07
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Greece, Rome, and the Birth of Western Philosophy

Trailer

Why Early Western Thought Is Timeless

01: Why Early Western Thought Is Timeless

Begin with an overview of key philosophers you will study in the course. Take a first look at the ideas of Hesiod, Heraclitus, and Herodotus as they reveal the nature of philosophical inquiry. Learn the way Aristotle laid the groundwork for science, Plato’s use of philosophical dialogues, and preview the contributions of Diogenes, Epicurus, and the Stoics in the work of Seneca.

27 min
Hesiod’s Challenge to the “Greek Miracle”

02: Hesiod’s Challenge to the “Greek Miracle”

The Greek poet Hesiod used poetry not merely to entertain, but to think. In his works Theogony and Works and Days, observe how Hesiod transforms myth into philosophy, reading divine succession stories as models for human conduct. Learn how Hesiod reshapes destructive strife into the just order of Zeus and explores the natural world to achieve Zeus’s wisdom.

27 min
Thales and the Early Pre-Socratics

03: Thales and the Early Pre-Socratics

Examine Thales’ valuing of knowledge for its own sake, and his integration of proto-scientific inquiry with reverence for the divine. See how Anaximander’s notions of the apeiron (the Indefinite) and causality were foundational to science. Then assess Xenophanes’ theological challenge to polytheism, his theory of divine causation, and consider how philosophy is distinct from science.

33 min
Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Zeno

04: Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Zeno

Heraclitus and Parmenides repurposed the devices of poetry, presenting riddles and radical arguments to disrupt readers and encourage thoughtful analysis. Contemplate Heraclitus’ view that the universe is constantly changing versus Parmenides’ proposal that Being is one and changeless. Explore how Parmenides’ student Zeno used paradox to show that change and plurality are an illusion.

30 min
Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and Democritus

05: Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and Democritus

The Pluralist philosophers responded to Parmenides’ claim that nothing truly comes into being, nor is destroyed. Delve into Empedocles’ conception of an eternal cosmic cycle driven by the opposing gods known as Love and Strife. Then investigate the more secular view of Democritus, who claimed the universe is composed of atoms, and Anaxagoras’ proposal that Mind is the organizing force of the cosmos.

35 min
Herodotus, the “Father of History”

06: Herodotus, the “Father of History”

Herodotus, known today largely as a historian, worked at a time before philosophy and history were distinguished as separate fields. Look into the ways in which Herodotus used the study of the past as a way of seeking truth to discern wise action in the present. Study Herodotus’ penetrating analysis of democracy as a system that needs the philosophical quest for truth.

29 min
Thucydides and the Crisis of Democracy

07: Thucydides and the Crisis of Democracy

The historian Thucydides built on the insights of Herodotus in analyzing the demise of Athenian democracy. Dig into Thucydides’ incisive analysis of the power of speech, as used in Greek politics. Note how he sharply contrasts the effects of speech used to find truth and form civic bonds with its use by the sophists (roving teachers of rhetoric) as a mere tool of persuasion.

30 min
Plato on Philosophy vs. Sophistry

08: Plato on Philosophy vs. Sophistry

Grasp the deeply political nature of comedies in Athenian theater and their use of speech as sophistry—words crafted to persuade or deceive. Then, observe how Plato reinvented drama as a new form: the philosophical dialogue. By pitting Socrates against the famous sophist Protagoras, see how Plato transforms the theater’s spectacle of speech into the philosopher’s pursuit of justice.

32 min
Socrates and Athenian Democracy

09: Socrates and Athenian Democracy

In Plato’s dialogues on the trial of Socrates, consider the charges against the philosopher of impiety and the political corruption of youth, with a particular focus on his known relationship to the traditional gods and to Athens’ democratic system. Assess Socrates’ thinking in his acceptance of death as punishment, holding to the philosophical model of democracy that his life and teachings embodied.

32 min
Plato’s Cave as a Response to Thucydides

10: Plato’s Cave as a Response to Thucydides

Plato’s Cave amplifies Thucydides’ “crisis of speech,” the compromise of democracy by the devaluing of speech into a tool of manipulation. Explore Plato’s allegory, wherein people held prisoner within a cave can only perceive manufactured illusions. Unpack Plato’s conception of the Philosopher King, a leader who is both a politician and a philosopher—a challenge to democracies everywhere.

29 min
Plato’s Theory of Forms, Then and Now

11: Plato’s Theory of Forms, Then and Now

Digging deeper into Plato’s thought, take account of his conception of two realms; the sensible or natural world, and the intelligible world, a separate, non-physical realm where we find Forms, eternal ideals that serve as standards for the things around us. Note the ways in which Plato’s theory aligns with modern thinking on human knowledge, and where it encounters significant critiques.

31 min
Plato’s Atlantis and the Birth of Science

12: Plato’s Atlantis and the Birth of Science

In Plato’s Timaeus, relive the grand Athenian festival of the Panathenaea, where two central stories are told: the myth of Atlantis, and Plato’s scientific narrative of cosmic creation as the work of a divine Craftsman. In the Craftsman’s ordering of space and creation of time and matter, see how Plato positions the new discipline of natural science within Athenian festival traditions.

30 min
Plato and Aristotle’s Different Ideas of God

13: Plato and Aristotle’s Different Ideas of God

Aristotle responded to Plato’s conception of a divine Craftsman with a radically different idea of cosmic creation. Look deeply into Aristotle’s notion of ultimate cause in the universe—a god that moves the cosmos but is eternal and unmoving; a perfect ideal that inspires others to emulation. Note that his metaphysics led Aristotle out of the armchair and into practical, empirical study.

27 min
Aristotle’s Physics and Four Causes

14: Aristotle’s Physics and Four Causes

In Physics, Aristotle offered a new causal framework to explain natural phenomena. Learn his general principles of natural science, defining nature as internally purpose driven, as in the biological inheritance of traits. Track his propositions showing that nature operates through these internal principles, refuting Plato’s concept of a divine Craftsman and Empedocles’ notion of coincidence.

31 min
Aristotle’s Natural Scientific Texts

15: Aristotle’s Natural Scientific Texts

Through Aristotle’s writings on natural science, take an overview of his multilevel empirical research on the natural world. From his research on animals and plants to astronomy, meteorology, and what we now call chemistry, grasp Aristotle’s global argument for purpose in the natural world, tracing all phenomena to eternal processes of seasonal cycles and chains of reproduction.

31 min
Aristotle on Happiness vs. Flourishing

16: Aristotle on Happiness vs. Flourishing

Aristotle’s thought on natural purpose extended to ethics and the happy human life. Observe how, rejecting many common conceptions of happiness, Aristotle locates it in the central human faculty of reasoning—not as an isolated intellectual activity, but deeply integrated with our desires and emotional lives, aspects of ourselves that are essential to reasoning that is both wise and practical.

30 min
Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics

17: Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics

Aristotle’s ethics of virtue are concerned with how we shape our character over a lifetime. Study the philosopher’s thought on how to cultivate stable states of character, by forming good habits through repeated action. Delineate his conception of the virtuous life, a matter of rational control, shaped by judgment and reasoning; a pattern of affirmative living that is knit into one’s thinking and emotions.

32 min
Aristotle on Pursuing the Best Life

18: Aristotle on Pursuing the Best Life

Aristotle asked how human beings should relate to technology and whether technology can elevate humanity or merely enslave it. Explore his vision of a “well-ordered” city that enables citizens to pursue a life of contemplation, which he identifies as the highest pursuit—contemplation not as intellectual abstraction, but as a way of deeply engaging with life and exercising the best human faculties.

31 min
The Biological Roots of Aristotle’s Politics

19: The Biological Roots of Aristotle’s Politics

In his Politics, tackle thorny questions about Aristotle’s work, focusing on his views of women and slaves as subordinate to free males. Study his conception of what he called “natural slaves,” and his biological analysis of differences between the sexes, justifying his hierarchical views. See where his thought on these matters is internally inconsistent and paradoxical, even by his own lights.

30 min
Socrates and Diogenes on Freedom of Speech

20: Socrates and Diogenes on Freedom of Speech

Diogenes of Sinope was one of the most unusual and outlandish figures in the history of philosophy. Witness his uncensored and often outrageous tactics as a philosopher in the marketplace, provoking, insulting, and confounding his audience. Observe how he used this approach to awaken Athenians to the unspoken decisions they make that preserve the status quo and limit choice.

31 min
Epicurus and the Pursuit of Pleasure

21: Epicurus and the Pursuit of Pleasure

Epicurus is known for famously advocating a life where pleasure is the highest good. Trace his thought on the subject, rooted in an ascetic reducing of desires and pleasures to only what is most necessary, natural, and readily fulfilled. Also learn about his view of physics, expanding on Democritus’ atomistic universe, and offering a way to freedom from fear of the gods and of death.

29 min
Lucretius on How to Overcome Fear

22: Lucretius on How to Overcome Fear

Inspired by Epicurus, the Roman poet Lucretius extended the Epicurean view of philosophy as therapy for the soul. Observe how Lucretius sought, in masterful Latin verse, to challenge human beliefs that prevent tranquility and happiness, elaborating Epicurus’ atomist view of the universe as demonstrating human agency and dismantling the fear of death through philosophical argument.

30 min
Stoic and Epicurean Philosophies

23: Stoic and Epicurean Philosophies

The Stoics rejected the Epicurean notion that tranquility depends on external circumstances. Track the Stoic view of happiness as rooted in virtue, and the Stoic sage as one who aligns their reason with divine reason, detaching from circumstance and living free of fear and distress. Also grasp how the Stoic retains choice and agency in a world governed by fate.

29 min
Seneca and the Practice of Philosophy

24: Seneca and the Practice of Philosophy

Conclude the course with the work of the Roman statesman and Stoic philosopher Seneca. Observe how Seneca used the genre of letter-writing tohis friend Lucilius as a medium for philosophical inquiry. Contemplate Seneca’s vision of friendship, embodied in letters, as a vital means of philosophical engagement—a process of mutual truth-seeking that transcends time, place, and condition.

30 min

Overview Course No. 60120

Philosophy is one of the world’s oldest intellectual disciplines. In the West, the philosophical tradition reaches back 2,700 years to the ancient Greeks who pioneered philosophy and inspired major philosophical thinkers of ancient Rome.

The ancient Greek and Roman philosophers thought deeply about virtually every aspect of human life, from the origins of the cosmos, the nature of divinity, and the physics and biology of the natural world to the nature of government, politics, law, and ethics, including thought on pleasure in living, happiness, and the ideal human life.

In Greece, Rome, and the Birth of Western Philosophy, celebrated philosopher Professor Margaret Scharle of Reed College invites you to join her in an extraordinary philosophical and human inquiry. In 24 highly engaging lectures, you’ll come to grips with the lives, the essential thinking and the core influence of the great philosophers of the Greek and Roman traditions in a far-reaching exploration of the origins of philosophy

At the heart of this course, you’ll encounter philosophy not as ivory tower abstraction, but, in the spirit of the philosophers themselves, as a bios, a hands-on way of life—philosophy as it interfaces with how we live, in the home, the marketplace, and the public and political spheres. In these compelling and delightful lectures, you’ll gain penetrating insight into the Greek and Roman philosophers and their impact on Western thought.

About

Margaret Scharle

Just as the philosophical spirit transcends the identity of any given philosopher, It also transcends the settled contents of any given philosophical school. Philosophy is much more a practice than it is a product.

INSTITUTION

Reed College

Margaret Scharle is the Margaret Rosemary Weitkamp Professor of Philosophy and Humanities at Reed College. She received her PhD in Philosophy from the University of California, Los Angeles. Her work has appeared in Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, Phronesis, Apeiron, and other scholarly publications. She received UCLA’s Distinguished Teaching Award and regularly mentors students, copresenting research papers with them at conferences for groups such as the American Philosophical Association and the Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy.

By This Professor

Greece, Rome, and the Birth of Western Philosophy
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