Masterpieces of Ancient Greek Literature
Overview
About
01: Definitions, Boundaries, and Goals
In this episode, define the terms "ancient," "Greek," and "masterpiece."
02: Homer I—Introduction to Epic and "Iliad"
This lecture introduces the Homeric epics, examines how the theory that they were composed orally might influence our reading, and summarizes essential mythological background before moving on to an overview of the Iliad and a deeper discussion of Book 1.
03: Homer II—"Iliad," The Wrath of Achilles
Here, explore the themes and action of books 2 through 9 of the Iliad.
04: Homer III—"Iliad," The Return of Achilles
Complete the Iliad, focusing on Achilles's return to battle and its aftermath.
05: Homer IV—"Odyssey," Introduction and Prelude
Consider the Odyssey's structure as a traditional nostos, or return story.
06: Homer V—"Odyssey," The Adventures
Consider the psychic and emotional distance Odysseus travels as he prepares to return home.
07: Homer VI—"Odyssey," Reintegration
Cover books 13 to 24, following the adventures of Odysseus on Ithaca as he completes his return.
08: Hesiod—"Theogony" and "Works and Days"
We look at two works that share much with the Homeric poems in the form and manner of their composition but also exhibit considerable differences in presenting both a creation myth and a commentary on interactions with both humans and gods.
09: Homeric Hymns
There is much we do not know about the poems referred to collectively as Homeric Hymns: Who composed them? When? For what purpose? The two examples considered in this lecture reveal much about the complex Greek attitudes toward the divine.
10: Lyric Poetry I—Archilochus and Solon
This is the first of two lectures on a group of poems composed from about the mid-7th through the mid-5th century B.C.E. Although often personal, erotic, and confessional, they can also be strikingly public and political in their themes.
11: Lyric Poetry II—Sappho and Alcaeus
We consider several types of "melic" poetry (from melos, meaning song), including works by Sappho and Alcaeus, and ponder why this type of public song effectively died out by the end of the 5th century.
12: Tragedy—Contexts and Conventions
In the first of 13 lectures that address Athenian drama of the Golden Age, we focus on tragedy as produced by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides and introduce the genre's roots, mechanics, and conventions.
13: Aeschylus I—"Persians"
We discuss the life and some aspects of the dramatic technique of Aeschylus, the oldest of the three great Athenian tragedians, and we look at the earliest of his extant plays.
14: Aeschylus I—"Agamemnon"
In this lecture and the next, we discuss Aeschylus's "Oresteia," the only tragic trilogy that survives intact from antiquity, beginning with its brilliant first play, which introduces the trilogy's many interwoven themes and questions.
15: Aeschylus III—"Libation Bearers" and "Eumenides"
We see Aeschylus continue to explore the themes of "Agamemnon" in the second and third plays of the trilogy and then look back over all three to consider possible interpretations.
16: Sophocles I—"Ajax" and "Philoctetes"
We begin our examination of the most popular and successful of the three giants of 5th-century Athenian drama with an introduction to his life and some of the innovations and techniques of his work; then we look at two of his seven extant plays, "Ajax" and "Philoctetes."
17: Sophocles II—"Oedipus the King"
Although Sophocles's three Theban plays are not a trilogy, they are best considered together because they follow the same story. After introducing the mythology, we move into Sophocles's treatment of the early part of the myth in "Oedipus the King."
18: Sophocles III—"Oedipus at Colonus" and "Antigone"
We discuss the other two Theban plays: "Oedipus at Colonus," a work of Sophocles's old age, which gives us the end of Oedipus's life, and "Antigone," which takes us back to Thebes and the strife among Oedipus's successors.
19: Euripides I—"Electra," "Orestes," "Trojan Women "
The next three lectures are devoted to selected tragedies of Euripides. We begin here with some historical and cultural background, which is especially important because Euripides's work serves as a vivid witness to the intellectual and political ferment of the later 5th century.
20: Euripides II—"Medea" and "Hippolytus"
In "Medea," Euripides creates one of the most compelling female roles in theater history, while in "Hippolytus," the role he gives to the gods contributes to an ongoing discussion about Euripides's attitude toward traditional religion.
21: Euripides III—"The Bacchae"
Euripides's final play, produced only posthumously, has been interpreted both as a criticism of the traditional view of the gods and also as an admission that he has been wrong to question the role of the Olympians in the lives of mortals.
22: Aristophanes I—Introduction to Old Comedy
We introduce the other theatrical genre that developed in 5th-century Athens. Although comedy shares some of the conventions and components of tragedy, it takes us, in many ways, into a different world.
23: Aristophanes II—"Acharnians" and "Lysistrata"
The Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta lasted 27 years (431-404 B.C.E.), a period that coincided with the height of Aristophanes's career. We examine two of the several comedies he wrote that directly address aspects of that war.
24: Aristophanes III—"The Frogs" and "The Clouds"
During Aristophanes's career, Athens was at the forefront of intellectual and cultural changes, and those innovations underlie several of his comedies. We look at two of them and conclude our discussion with a brief look at comedy after Aristophanes.
25: Herodotus I—Introduction to History
We begin our discussion of history with the man who has been called both the father of history—as the first practitioner of the genre as we know it—and the father of lies for his many so-called digressions and fantastic stories.
26: Herodotus II—The Persian Wars
Herodotus's narrative approach offers historical depth, geographical breadth, and mythological background, often in the form of self-contained stories. Do these stories contribute to the history? Or do they lead us to suspect even the most straightforward and seemingly pertinent parts of it?
27: Thucydides I—The Peloponnesian War
At the beginning of his History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides introduces himself as a different sort of historian—accurate, scientific, and careful of sources. Although he was more modern in his methods than Herodotus, questions about his objectivity and bias remain.
28: Thucydides II—Books 1-5
We discuss three famous passages from books 1–5, examining how Thucydides uses the Peloponnesian War as a stage for his larger considerations of human nature, particularly as it manifests itself in times of crisis.
29: Thucydides III—Books 6-7
Books 6 and 7 are something of a departure from the rest of the work, a self-contained unit on the Athenians' ill-fated expedition against Syracuse in Sicily. What begins with optimism and unparalleled wealth ends in complete and utter defeat for the Athenians.
30: Plato I—The Philosopher as Literary Author
We examine some of the literary qualities that appear throughout Plato's philosophical dialogues, focusing not on the philosophical ideas or systems that might be extracted from the dialogues, but at the way Plato has chosen to present those ideas.
31: Plato II—"Symposium"
Beginning an examination of two of Plato's most polished literary masterpieces with The Symposium, we see that distinctions between its philosophical and literary parts are impossible to draw, and that it is best read as the seamless whole Plato gave us.
32: Plato III—"Phaedrus"
The twists and turns of what seems merely a dialogue about love and rhetoric reveal Socrates's subtle and careful attempts to engage his interlocutor—and, by extension, Plato's readers—in a more serious study of philosophy.
33: Rhetoric and Oratory
From Homer on, Greek literature reveals a deep interest in the role and power of speeches. We consider some examples from other literary genres to see the evolution of rhetoric as a formal discipline.
34: Hellenistic Poetry I—Callimachus and Theocritus
With the next two lectures, we move into a new world, away from mainland Greece to Alexandria, from the democracy of the city-state to far-reaching monarchies, and from public forms of literature to works that demand of their audience more specialized forms of knowledge.
35: Hellenistic Poetry II—Apollonius
We look at the single extant epic poem from the Hellenistic period, an account of Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece. This lecture brings us full circle, taking us back to the Homeric epics that so clearly influenced this work.
36: Looking Back and Looking Forward
This concluding lecture examines the survival and continued influence of Greek literature. We see that it was largely through the Romans that Greek literature survived antiquity, and largely through the literary activity of the Hellenistic period that the Romans accessed the Greeks.