The Joy of Ancient History
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01: Lessons of the Peloponnesian War
What is the historical significance of the Peloponnesian War? Why is it still studied by scholars, philosophers, and popular historians? Discover why the lessons from this epic ancient conflict still resonate today.
02: Parthenon and Acropolis
Explore the glorious building program associated with the Greek statesman and general, Pericles. Learn how he took it upon himself to transform a motley assortment of shrines, treasure houses, and altars on the Acropolis into an artistically integrated sanctuary.
03: Heroes at Thermopylae
During the Greek and Persian Wars, a small band of 300 Spartans, led by King Leonidas, attempted to hold the Persian army back from a chief passage to inland Greece. Find out how, in their tragic defeat, the Greek forces found a legendary martyr and an extraordinary example of courage.
04: On Athenian Tragedy
In this insightful lecture, investigate the Athenian drama of the Golden Age, focusing on tragedy produced by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Also, get an introduction to the roots, mechanics, and conventions of this great literary genre.
05: The Parable of the Cave
Perhaps because he realized the difficulty of understanding both the idea of the Good and the Divided Line, Socrates told another parable: that of the cave. Learn why, even today, Socrates’ metaphor remains a powerful example of challenging the nature of reality.
06: Famous Greeks—Solon
Many figures from archaic Greece are hardly more than names to us, but not Solon, who used his mind to serve his country. Here, get unique insights into the values and motives of the statesman whom America’s Founding Fathers so admired.
07: Aristotle's View of the Natural World
Aristotle’s interests were diverse and included ethics, politics, logic, and metaphysics; yet his primary impact was on the development of natural philosophy. This lecture introduces you to his writings and ideas as a response to his predecessors, Plato and the Pre-Socratics.
08: The Battles of Megiddo and Kadesh
Why are the ancient battles of Megiddo and Kadesh still hotly debated? Find out with a glimpse of the first examples of ancient Egyptian battle narratives, which offer historians insight into the empire’s sophisticated military regimes and its use of propaganda.
09: Greco-Roman Views on Death—and Beyond
Compare and contrast views of death among the Greeks and Romans. Although both cultures placed great emphasis on continuing ties between the living and the dead, the Romans incorporated the deceased into their lives to a much greater degree than the Greeks.
10: Gaius Julius Caesar
To Rome’s top politicians, Gaius Julius Caesar at first seemed nothing more than a political hack of little ability and less character. Uncover how Caesar’s expeditions in Gaul transformed world history, laying the foundations for the civilizations of France and western Europe
11: Early Germanic Europe
Germanic tribes came to represent the most ferocious barbarians Romans had encountered. Find out how these nomadic tribes foiled Roman attempts to conquer them, and how the Germanic dialects that eventually emerged gave rise to modern languages.
12: Gladiatorial Games
The Roman gladiator—fighting to the death before huge and bloodthirsty crowds—still fascinates us today. Who were the gladiators? How were they selected and trained? And how can we understand gladiatorial violence in light of Roman sophistication?
13: Dining in Imperial and Republican Rome
Delve into the intriguing dining habits of the ancient Romans, from the simple food customs of the expanding empire to the use of exotic food as a status symbol. Then, examine an ancient cookbook aimed at those Romans eager to flaunt their wealth.
14: The (Mad) Emperor Caligula
The ancient sources tend to portray Caligula as deranged. But was he really insane? Examine different modern approaches to his behavior and explore an ancient eyewitness account that gives you a sense of what it was like to be in the emperor’s presence.
15: Being a Rich Roman
Check out the wealthy lives of the ancient Romans. You’ll tour a grand house in the city and countryside; learn about Roman customs of dress, food, and hygiene; and follow a rich Roman’s daily life (and meet the doting clients who make him seem important).
16: The Mystery Cults
Mystery cults were believed to worship a particular god or goddess, and they often involved mysterious initiation rites. Learn how some cults have stirred a controversial debate between scholars, and whether these groups can be used to measure the decline of paganism.
17: Herodotus’s Account of Egypt
Why does Egypt occupy the longest digression in Herodotus’s Histories? How does the ancient historian reconcile his view of Egypt as a source for Greek culture—while viewing it as a topsy-turvy land where Greek ways are oddly reversed? Find out in this intriguing lecture.
18: The Great Pyramid of Giza
Get a nuts-and-bolts look at the Egyptians’ most monumental feat: the Great Pyramid of Giza. This lecture also discusses the 144-foot solar boat that was found in 1954, buried near the ancient structure.
19: Being an Egyptian Worker
As an ancient Egyptian, you might have been a herdsman, a hunter, or (most dangerously) a miner. Learn about professions that would have been available to you in the village of Deir el-Medina—from an educated scribe to a craftsman who built royal tombs.
20: Cleopatra—The Last Pharaoh
Although she was possibly the most famous woman in the ancient world, Cleopatra remains an enigma to us today. This lecture reconstructs the iconic ancient Egyptian’s dramatic story—before and after Julius Caesar, and with Marc Antony.
21: What Do the Mayan Glyphs Say?
How can the strikingly similar structural features of Mayan and ancient Egyptian writing systems be explained? Explore how Mayan writing works through a comparison with Egyptian hieroglyphs. Then, find out what scholars have learned about the Maya from decipherment.
22: The Amazon—Civilization Lost in the Jungle
Recent discoveries indicate the presence of massive ancient civilizations in the Amazon. Survey the evidence for their existence, starting with the Beni region’s elaborate system of mounds and canals. Then, continue exploring wide areas of ancient habitation that date back to 6000 B.C.
23: Chalice of Blood in Ancient Peru
When archaeologists studied painted pots used by the Moche of South America, they found depictions of priests engaged in bloody human sacrifices; remains found at a later excavation matched the figures from these pots. Come to terms with this startling aspect of ancient religions.
24: Attila the Hun—Scourge of God
Considered both a great leader and merciless conqueror, Attila the Hun has captured the popular imagination for centuries. Here, follow the story from his rise to power to his death, including the royal marriage proposal that ultimately led to the ravaging of western Europe.
25: Mesopotamian Creation Stories
Mesopotamian gods are like overlords in a political hierarchy, but with divine authority and power. This lecture reveals the wondrous gods of the Mesopotamian pantheon, and discusses two stories—the Enuma Elish and the myth of Adapa—that describe the origins of all things.
26: The Empire of Hammurabi
After Ur III, the subsequent power vacuum in Mesopotamia was filled by the famous King Hammurabi. Learn how he established the First Dynasty of Babylon (which collapsed after his death) and administered his kingdom through a detailed code of law.
27: The Epic of Gilgamesh
In this lecture, examine one of the world’s oldest literary works: an ancient poem that combines a heroic story with a spiritual quest. Find out how the legendary King Gilgamesh comes to terms with the inevitability of mortality and becomes a more effective leader.
28: The Chariot Revolution
During history’s first major military revolution, the chariot spread east across Asia. See how its evolving design created a lethal weapons system—and also transformed pastoral life on the Asian steppes. Then, learn about the complex personnel and organization needed for chariot warfare.
29: The Assyrian War Machine
The Assyrian military model involved a highly effective and complex war machine that characterized major Near Eastern powers for centuries. Study the nature of the Assyrian army, the unique features of the empire it created, and the place of warfare in Assyrian imperial ideology.
30: The Art and Architecture of Power
Ancient art and architecture unearthed by archaeologists are more than just evidence of the past or messages to the future; they were often meant as statements to their own time. Discover how ancient societies used art and architecture to promote their rule and illustrate their power.
31: Cyrus, Xenophon, and the Ten Thousand
Prince Cyrus, under the facade of suppressing hill tribes, assembled the famed army of Ten Thousand to challenge his brother’s claim to the throne. Among them was Xenophon, who later wrote about the epic march into the heart of the Persian Empire.
32: Opening the First Dead Sea Scroll
Immerse yourself in the text of the Dead Sea Scrolls, starting with the first scroll, known as the Community Rule (or Manual of Discipline). This astonishing text gives you your first insight into the community and theology of the scrolls’ ancient creators and guardians.
33: Jesus in His Context
Get a closer look at the historical background to the life and times of Jesus. Focus on Palestine’s history of war and foreign domination, the emergence of different forms of Judaism, and the Roman takeover of Israel about 60 years before Jesus was born.
34: The Legend of Troy
The most enduring legacies from early Anatolia are the Iliad and the Odyssey. This lecture describes how the siege of Troy—and the exploits of Homer’s warrior chieftains—fit into the wider tale of imperial struggle and decline during Greece’s dark ages.
35: The Qin and the First Emperor of China
After the Qin ruled China for only 15 years, the dynasty established a model of government that became the country’s template for the next 2,000 years. Meet China’s first emperors and study the impact of Qin rule, from political reform to massive building projects.
36: Alexander Invades India
Embark with Alexander on his most ambitious campaign: into the Indus Valley. Explore the warrior’s reasons for undertaking this expedition, learn about Indian battle methods and terrain, and examine why the Indian rajahs presented such formidable opposition to the invading Macedonians.